[310] Daniel Goldhagen's A Moral Reckoning and David Kerzer's The Pope Against the Jews denounced Pius, while Ralph McInery and José Sanchez wrote more nuanced critical assessments of Pius XII's pontificate. "[206] This is disputed by commentator John Cornwell, who in his book, Hitler's Pope, argues that the pope was weak and vacillating in his approach to Nazism. From this we learn that, although Pius's defenders still say that he paid a golden ransom in a vain effort to save Rome's Jews from transportation to the death camps, the most he did was indicate a willingness to chip in if the Jews could not raise the sum demanded. [98], In his second consistory on 12 January 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Msgrs. [265], On 5 October 1958, at his summer residence Castel Gandolfo, the Pope suffered painful complications, but tried to continue his duties between intervals of rest. His successor Benedict XV named Gasparri as secretary of state and Gasparri took Pacelli with him into the Secretariat of State, making him undersecretary. He was also enrolled at the State University, La Sapienza where he studied modern languages and history. Madre (Mother) Pascalina Lehnert (25 August 1894, Ebersberg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire – 13 November 1983, Vienna, Austria), born Josefina Lehnert, was a German Roman Catholic sister who served as Pope Pius XII 's housekeeper and secretary from his period as Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."[89]. Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. I did not want to believe it, but here, too, he was to be proved right. The general devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus had been approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1885 before the image on the Turin Shroud had been photographed. He had talked to the American assistant to Father General, who promised to look into the matter in December 1938, but did not report back. [158] Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy). Pius XII was rather distrustful of Alcide de Gasperi and Italy's Christian Democrats, considering the party indecisive and fractious – reformist currents within it particularly, which tended to the moderate Left – represented by the Sicilian priest Luigi Sturzo for example – he considered too accommodating to the Left. During World War II Pius saw his primary obligation as being to ensure the continuation of the "Church visible" and its divine mission. In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pius XII links liturgy with the last will of Jesus Christ. McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war: Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States, into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets. [143] Compared to his predecessor's teaching, the encyclical Miranda Prorsus (1957) shows a "high regard for the importance of cinema, television, and radio". Everybody knew what the pope meant". [149] Pius XII lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of World War II and then expressed his dismay that war had come in his October 1939 Summi Pontificatus encyclical. 2002. The pontificate of Pius XII was the first in Vatican history that published papal speeches and addresses in vernacular language on a systematic basis. These documents reveal new information about Pius XII's actions regarding the Ustaše regime, the genocides in Poland, the finances of the wartime church, the deportation of the Roman Jews, and the ratlines for Nazis and fascists fleeing Europe. His unrealistic hope was that the Catholic Church could emerge as the peacemaker across Europe. [336], On 19 September 2008, Pope Benedict XVI held a reception for conference participants during which he praised Pius XII as a pope who made every effort to save Jews during the war. The encyclical demands a much better understanding of ancient Hebrew history and traditions. [235] On 7 April 1943, Msgr. [111] Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice. Jahrhunderts", 3. bis 4. [56], The draft encyclical Humani generis unitas ("On the Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document[57] and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General Wlodimir Ledóchowski. [338], On 9 October 2008, the 50th anniversary of Pius XII's death, Benedict XVI celebrated pontifical Mass in his memory. [219], In 1942, the Slovak chargé d'affaires told Pius that Slovak Jews were being sent to concentration camps. Blessing by Pope Pius XII. Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 200. Mary Ball Martinez. Cornwell asserts that the pope did little to challenge the progressing holocaust of the Jews out of fear of provoking the Nazis into invading Vatican City. The Vatican & the Holocaust: 860,000 Lives Saved – The Truth About Pius XII & the Jews by Robert A. Graham, S.J.
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